Jun 1, 2014

Ice Hockey Roots Deep in American Indian Culture

By James Laverance




As far back as the 1500's and prior to European contact Native Americans have been playing various stick and ball games on dry land. The game shinny, played with a curved stick and knocking a ball between two wooden posts or over the goal lines, had been first observed by European settlers circa. 1500. (1)

From frozen ponds to the present indoor game ,hockey has really been an evolution and tapestry of different elements which can't be traced to one specific time or period. Through out it's history though are some very interesting accounts of information and dates which have helped develop the game into what it is today

Lacrosse was another game played on dry land which was first observed in the St. Lawrence valley area by the French Jesuit missionaries in 1636. Played with a netted stick but tossed around in the air instead of ground by the Iroquois and Huron Indians. (1)

In South Dakota around the early 1700's the Lakota Sioux were playing a stick-ball on ice game using bone skates. They would use a bent tree branch as a stick and buffalo shoulder bone as blade to glide on. Usually played along the village winter river ways. (2)

On tufts cove in Dartmouth Nova Scotia in 1749 the Mik'maq natives were discovered playing a similar game to lacrosse but on ice.

They used a hitting stick to strike the ball as well as a gliding stick to hold as they were using skates made of animal jawbone. (3)

In new York city in 1783 during the revolutionary war British loyalists living there played a game of ice Hurley on collect pond using steel pole skates.

After the war had ended they came up to Halifax and brought their game with them. (4)

1788 is the conventional birthplace of hockey as kings college Windsor ns (renamed after king's college New York) opened up and there the students played the game on long pond. (5)

Birthplace of early hockey games began on long pond Windsor,Nova Scotia around 1800.Where students from Kings college began playing ice hurley. From there different stick-ball games were developing. Like ice bandy, wicket, break shins, ice lacrosse, shinny, rugby, etc.(6)

The first hockey stick called the William Dilly Moffatt stick was carved around 1838 in Cape Breton Nova Scotia. Made by the Mi'kmaq native Indian.

The modern skates were invented by EV Bushnell of Philadelphia in 1848.(8)

While playing in the Windsor-Halifax-Dartmouth area the Mik'maq provided wooden pucks cut from tree branches around 1860. (9)






The name Hockey

While stationed at Fort Edward, Nova Scotia circa.1855 a certain Colonel John Hockey conditioned his troops by playing the game shinny and renaming it after him. Referring to these workouts as hockey's games. (10)


The first indoor and semi-organized game was played with 9 players per side in the Victoria skating rink Montreal on March 3rd,1875.Organized by James Creighton using previous Halifax rules. (11)

The number of players were reduced to 7 in 1883 at the Montreal Winter Carnival. Positions were now named. Goalkeeper, Point, Cover point, Rover, Left wing, Right wing, Center.(12)


Skating Rinks

First natural indoor ice rink was the Quebec Skating Rink 1851,1852. (13) The first indoor rink in the US was the Great Chicago Skating Rink in 1860. (14)

The first artificial indoor skating rink was built by William Newton in New York City using Matthew Bujac's method of ice-making built in 1870. (15)

First international match.In 1886 Burlington Vermont held a winter carnival and Montreal sent 2 teams to form a 3 team tournament. A local team called the Van Ness House Club from Vermont played The Montreal HC in first ever match between to countries. Montreal won 3-0. (16)

Other sorts of leagues and scheduled games were being organized around this time. Later in 1886 the Amateur Hockey Association was formed in Montreal. Making it the first organized hockey league in Canada. (17)


The first professional league was organized in Portage,Michigan in 1904 called the International Professional Hockey League.Local business man James Dee and Canadian dentist Doc Gibson formed a five team league. (18)


Earliest known arrival of the modern game in the USA was 1856. It shows that St. Paul High School in Concord New Hampshire opened that year. They were playing shinny to ice field hockey to ice polo. (19)

James Conover a schoolmaster at St.Paul's School visited Montreal in 1880-81 discovered the modern rules and brought back sticks, pucks and rules. (20)

Early 6 on 6 version of game was played at Washington Park Brooklyn in 1908.The Brooklyn Crescents beat Yale 4-1. (21)

Hockey net.1890-91 first goal nets were invented from ice polo at Storrs Agricultural School now Uconn. Early goalie like pads were worn same time there. (22)



The helmet was first worn by Frank Goheen from Minnesota in 1915.. (23)

Modern goalie pads worn at Duluth central high school in 1903-04.Maybe earlier there. (24)

The goalie trapper was invented out of a baseball mitt by Mike Karakas from Minnesota in the mid - 1930's. (25)

Blocker invention Lorne Chabot from Canada 1920's. (26)

Early hockey pants were worn in 1896-97 at Detroit Medical College. (27)

1959 Jacques Plante invents full face mask. (28)


Harvard

Harvard has had a rich history to the development of the game. In 1911-12 coach Alfred Winsor would change the defense positions. Instead of having one in front of the other, he switched to a parallel formation. Called the Winsor System. (29)

In 1923 coach William Claflin and George Owen invents the full 3 man line change. (30)

These are just some accounts and data on early hockey evolution.


References

(1) Hockey as a native sport - News Articles - Active Circle

(2) Ice Hockey | HockeyGods

(3) False Gods and Profits - Society of North American Hockey

(4) Now You Know Big Book of Sports - Page 11

(5) Kings College | Birthplace of Hockey

(6) Origin Overview | Birthplace of Hockey

(7) Oldest Hockey Stick

(8) First Pair of Ice Skates

(9) Wooden Pucks | Birthplace of Hockey

(10) Hockey History - TMLFever.com

(11) First Indoor Ice Hockey Game

(12) Ice Hockey

(13) Quebec Skating Rink

(14) Central Plan Skating Rinks

(15) Hockeycentral | NHL | Other Facets | Early Artificial Ice

(16) The 1st International Ice Hockey Game 1886 | HockeyGods

(17) Who Invented Ice Hockey

(18) Ice Hockey

(19) Ice Hockey History

(20) Ice Hockey Archives

(21) Crescent Athletic Club

(22) Roller Polo Players

(23) Frank Goheen

(24) Minnesota Hockey

(25) Blackhawk Legends

(26) Ranger Legends

(27) Detroit Medical College Hockey

(28) Hockey Masks

(29) Harvard Hockey Dr. Goodridge was captain of the first two hockey teams Harvard* had, and directed the teams as coach for several years *...* the parallel-forward and parallel defense formation, when well *played*, is *easily superior to the Canadian style of play. Winsor 1912

Your Local Brick & Mortar Bookstore Is A Privilege

Last week, I went on a trip to Toronto to see a friend. When we were hashing out details for how to spend our time together, she asked if there was anything specific I wanted to do.
I mentioned I’d like to go to a bookstore.
We hit up two in the downtown area, both Chapters. The first we went to at John and Richmond is slated to close at the end of the month, and nearly all of the books were on markdown. The first floor was empty of shelves and instead, full of boxes of books to sift through. Fortunately, we found the third floor of the store to still have a nice selection of books to peruse on shelf.
The second store we went to was the Chapters at Eaton Centre, a store with a particularly impressive selection of Young Adult titles. Between the two stores, we spent nearly three hours browsing. Books were purchased at each location.
While it may seem strange to desire spending time at a chain bookstore while on a trip, for me, getting to a brick and mortar bookstore is a rare opportunity. I live in a book desert. My town of roughly 10,000 people is fairly rural, and while we’re a half-hour’s drive from two 40,000+ towns, neither of those towns has a thriving local independent bookstore. I moved here from Austin, Texas, where I had the privilege of going to Book People any time I wanted to.
The nearest Barnes & Noble is an hour drive each way from where I live, and it is one of the most underwhelming Barnes & Noble stores I’ve been to. It’s great if you want a copy of John Grisham or John Green’s books. It’s less great if you want just about anything else. I can pick up those same books at my in-town big box retailer, which serves as our local bookstore. It, along with the Goodwill, are the only places in town to buy books.
Only one of those stores sells new books.
While I was out of town, the news of the recent business issues between Amazon and Hachette popped up. Amazon’s move has involved removing pre-order options for forthcoming titles, and it’s holding back on sending titles for weeks to those eager to have them. This is a shitty set-up on all sides: it sucks for readers who can’t get these books now through Amazon, and it sucks for authors facing a stop sign at a major avenue for book sales. By no means does Amazon’s halting of sales mean these books are impossible to get. It just means Amazon is not the place to make your pre-orders or the place to make your purchases if you want these books as soon as possible.
As this story has spread and word has gotten out, I have read so many pleas on social media that in order to be a good consumer — in order to “do the right thing” — you should get out to your local indies and pre-order or purchase these books. You want to make change happen? Then get yourself to the store and show your commitment with your dollars. You are how change happens. Show up to the store and prove you mean what you say.
It’s a great and noble plea, but it comes from a very privileged place.
Not all readers have access to brick and mortar stores. Not all readers have the capability to walk to their local indie or their local Barnes & Noble or their local Books A Million or their local Chapters and buy books in person. Not all readers have the ability to get in a car, fill up their gas tanks, and spend an hour driving each way to a store. Not everyone lives in a great city, not everyone lives near a great city, and not every great city is a great city for bookstores. We aren’t just talking about “flyover country” here, the big swath of land people hate having to sit through while on the airplane going from one coast to the other. There are book deserts all over the place, including major metropolitan areas.
My town used to have a used bookstore in our small downtown. It was one of the things I loved about this place: a cozy building with a gorgeous tin ceiling, books packing the place from wall to wall, and a pair of friendly cats who loved to be carried around by customers.
It didn’t carry a lot of things I wanted, almost no YA books or children’s books, and it had very little fiction, but I always tried to buy something. I went one afternoon with a friend a couple years ago because we both have a love for vintage cookbooks, and we were eager to spend a few hours flipping through the store’s collection. We settled in, pulling out some real gems, perusing them, sorting them into “to buy” and “to reshelve” piles.
While we were there, the owner was on the phone. He was unhappy, telling the person on the other end of the line that stores like his have no chance because “young people” just aren’t buying books. That “young people” are going to be the reason his store closed. That “young people” just don’t appreciate what he’s doing. “Young people” were ruining his business.
My friend and I put all of the books back and left the store. It was clear we — “young people” — weren’t welcomed there.
The store is gone now. There’s a thriving gun shop that just opened up in the empty building next door.
Bookstores are a privilege. They’re not accessible to everyone, and when they are accessible, they’re not always worth it. Why would I or anyone else want to spend time in a shop where my presence isn’t welcomed?
I would love to spend more time in stores, browsing shelves, picking up unexpected titles, spending money where my money might make a difference.
But I can’t.
And while I have the ability to travel and go to bookstores when I travel, and while I have the ability to get in my car and drive to a decent indie that appreciates all readers, I have those abilities because I’m privileged enough to have an income that supports having a vehicle, the time in which to make these trips, and purchases of books for pleasure reading. I’m an exception.
It’s upsetting and frustrating to see people regularly talk about the importance of buying your books in a bookstore. What about young readers — perhaps teenagers who don’t have expendable incomes — who simply do not have the means of transporting themselves to a store? You aren’t better than me or any other reader who doesn’t have that kind of access because you went into a store to do your shopping.
It’s equally as upsetting to see people disparage those readers who spend their hard-earned cash at online outlets — Amazon, especially — to buy books. Even though you’re buying books, you face judgment for having made your purchase through Amazon. It doesn’t matter your reason.
Readers without access and readers who prefer the ease and flexibility of shopping through Amazon or through any other online retailer are not the enemy. I absolutely support and actively purchase my books through a variety of online retailers. I don’t remain exclusive to Amazon and advocate all readers diversify their online purchasing by also buying from Barnes & Noble, IndieBound, Chapters, Books A Million, and so on and so forth.
However, you’re not a better person because you can do all your purchasing at your local store.
We don’t judge people because they chose to purchase regular bananas over the organic bananas. We don’t judge people because they drive non-electric cars. So why do we keep judging readers who don’t have the privilege of buying their books from a brick and mortar store?

7 Habits of Highly Effective Readers

 
This is a guest post by Jessica Woodbury. Her professional life has taken her to prisons, classrooms, strip clubs, and her living room couch. Jessica is a lapsed lawyer who now spends too much time oversharing on the internet. She’s a single mom to 2 small children living in the Northeast. She has a soft spot for crime novels and unreliable narrators. Follow her on Twitter @jessicaesquire.
_________________________
People often say to me, “I don’t know how you make time to read.” I admit, it takes a lot more effort than it used to now that I have a full-time job, two young children, some gigs on the side, and a busy social calendar. But if you love books, you find time.
Still, people seem to find it legitimately mysterious that I can plow through several books a month and even throw in a couple ambitious reads a year. (Right now, Sister Carrie.) So I thought I’d share a few simple tips to be a truly dedicated reader even if you have a crazy schedule.
1) Read before bed. Every night. Screens are bad for you anyway, and the ritual of laying in bed and reading a book is really calming for me. I often read for 30 to 45 minutes in a single night if the book is good and I’m not too tired.
2) Read during your commute. If you drive or walk, audiobooks are great and they probably have hundreds at your local library so you can get them on the cheap. If you take public transit, keep a book or e-reader in your bag. Sure, you may only get a little bit in here and there, but it adds up. Sister Carrie has really short chapters, I can almost always finish one on the train.
3) Read at lunch. In my first real job, every day at noon I’d close the door of my tiny, window-less office, pull out my sad little sandwich, sit in a chair, put my feet up, and read. Those quiet moments where the entire world disappeared made lunch a truly lovely thing. These days, like a lot of people, I often work through lunch, but when I can, I try and take 20 or 30 minutes with a book. Since my building doesn’t have a lot of space to eat and I no longer have an office, I tend to eat early or late to avoid the rush and get a little peace.
4) Read in bed on sleep-in days. Nothing makes a lazy day like staying in your bed for an extra hour or two reading a book. And if you were reading before bed it’ll be right there waiting for you. Sometimes I read for an hour and then go back to sleep, it’s ridiculously decadent.
5) Take a break from television. Maybe you’ve been binge-watching a lot. Maybe you keep hours of shows saved up on your DVR. When I dial back tv, I have a little more time with books and it’s time I enjoy a lot more than an hour of Scandal. Don’t get me wrong, I love some bad shows to just let my brain turn off, but it can get habit forming. If you find you’re multitasking when you’re watching television, then it’s definitely time to think about this. A book won’t let you multitask, and it feels pretty nice to let your brain really wrap itself around one thing.
6) Give yourself access to books. This may mean you get an e-reader or a library card. Or that you pop in to your local bookstore once or twice a month to browse. If you already have more books than you know what to do with, take them to your local used book store to trade or set up a book swap with your friends.
7) Get social with your reads. Join a book club. Join Goodreads or Riffle or another reading social network. Start following some book blogs or podcasts. Ask your friends what they’ve read lately. Hearing about something from a friend and being able to quickly add it to a “To Read” list does wonders to make sure there’s always something new on the horizon. This also lets you keep track of what you read and recommend books to other people, which can add an extra level of enjoyment to the whole process.
These may seem like the kind of habits that take a lot of commitment, but they really don’t. If you make reading a habit, the kind of thing you incorporate into your day even if it’s just a little bit here or there, none of these things will seem hard. They’ll seem more like second nature. And that’s what makes you a real reader.

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